What condition is characterized by enlarged ovaries with many cysts, hormonal imbalance, and signs such as irregular periods and infertility?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by enlarged ovaries that contain numerous small cysts, which are essentially immature follicles. This condition is associated with a hormonal imbalance, particularly involving elevated levels of androgens (male hormones) in females. One of the hallmark symptoms of PCOS is irregular menstrual periods, which results from the disruption in normal ovulation caused by the hormonal imbalance. This disruption can also lead to difficulties with fertility, as the irregular ovulation can make it challenging for a woman to conceive.

Additionally, PCOS is often associated with other metabolic problems, including insulin resistance, which can lead to additional symptoms such as weight gain and acne. The recognition of these symptoms, combined with clinical findings such as enlarged ovaries seen on ultrasound, aids in diagnosing the condition. Understanding PCOS is crucial not only for managing symptoms but also for addressing potential long-term health risks associated with the disorder, including cardiovascular disease and diabetes.